As NATO celebrates its 75th anniversary, the alliance faces the critical challenge of enhancing its maritime capabilities to counter an increasingly aggressive Russia.
Post-Soviet Union, NATO's naval focus shifted from large-scale combat operations to regional security, resulting in a significant reduction of its maritime forces. However, recent Russian actions, including the 2022 invasion of Ukraine, have underscored the need for NATO to reestablish a robust naval presence.
The dissolution of the Soviet Union led NATO to deprioritize major naval operations in favor of regional maritime security missions, such as those in Africa and the Middle East. This shift resulted in the downsizing of NATO navies, as their roles became confined to smaller-scale operations like Operation Sharp Guard and Sea Guardian. The prolonged focus on land and air operations in Afghanistan and Iraq further contributed to the neglect of naval capabilities.
The resurgence of Russian naval power and technological advancements has exposed the inadequacies of NATO's current maritime force. Russia's ability to pose threats in regions like the Mediterranean and the Baltic Sea, despite facing challenges in the Black Sea, illustrates the need for NATO to invest in a more capable and expansive fleet. This renewed focus requires several key investments.
Firstly, NATO must enhance its fleet by acquiring more warships and maritime patrol aircraft. Not all member states can field full-scale navies, but traditional naval powers should prioritize increasing their warship numbers. The U.S. Navy, as NATO's largest contributor, should expedite the deployment of additional AEGIS destroyers in Spain.
Secondly, there is a critical need to bolster undersea warfare capabilities. Despite economic constraints, Russia has continued to develop advanced submarines, posing significant threats to NATO operations. While not all members can build submarines, they can invest in ocean surveillance ships and maritime patrol aircraft. Additionally, the development of undersea warfare drones offers a cost-effective option for littoral states.
Thirdly, NATO must address vulnerabilities to ballistic and cruise missile attacks, as demonstrated by Russia's actions in Ukraine and Houthi attacks in the Red Sea. Many NATO warships lack adequate defense systems against these threats, including hypersonic missiles and drones. Enhancing integrated air and missile defense systems is crucial.
Fourthly, land-based anti-ship cruise missiles (ASCMs) and unmanned autonomous surface vessels (USVs) have proven effective in denying sea control, as seen in Ukraine's use against the Russian navy. Smaller NATO states, particularly in the Baltic, should consider investing in these technologies to enhance their coastal defenses.
Lastly, maritime logistics, including the protection of critical undersea infrastructure like fiber-optic cables, must be prioritized. The establishment of NATO’s Maritime Centre for the Security of Critical Undersea Infrastructure reflects the growing importance of safeguarding these assets.
In conclusion, NATO's maritime mission is poised for expansion after years of contraction. By focusing on key areas such as warship capacity, undersea warfare, air and missile defense, land-based strike capabilities, and logistics, NATO can enhance its naval strength and maintain security in an increasingly volatile maritime environment. Not every member needs to invest in all areas, but a coordinated effort will ensure comprehensive maritime defense across the alliance.
Source: CSIS